The image of a lion in Islamic art: who dared to attempt such boldness?

People know Amir Temur well. They are also aware that Babur built an empire in India and that Ulughbek charted the stars. But when it comes to Yalangtush Bahadur, many hesitate slightly and say, “Yes, I’ve heard of him…”

 

In reality, he was a powerful commander, wise statesman, and great builder of the 17th century. His life was not confined to the battlefield. He developed the land not only with the sword but also through knowledge, art, architecture, and spirituality.

 

He was neither a king nor a crown prince. Yet the people trusted him so deeply that he attained a status akin to royalty. Though officially part of the Bukhara Emirate, he acted independently, ruling Samarkand for decades by his own authority, creating vast opportunities for scholars and architects. Today, when we visit Samarkand and behold the Sherdor and Tilla-Kari madrasas on Registan Square, we are, in fact, face-to-face with Yalangtush Bahadur’s vision, taste, and spiritual legacy.

 

The lion image on the façade of the Sherdor Madrasa is not only a masterpiece of art but also a symbol of Yalangtush Bahadur’s boldness, which defied the conventions of his time. In an era when depicting living beings was prohibited in Islamic art, he did not break tradition but expanded its boundaries, creating an eternal emblem of pride for his people. For he knew: a land can be defended not only with the sword but also with spirituality.

 

An important pillar of the development of Movarounnahr

 

In the mid-17th century, the prominent commander and statesman Yalangtush Bahadur was one of the most significant figures in the social, political, and cultural life of his time. Alongside his military bravery, he left an indelible mark on history through his great contributions to science, architecture, craftsmanship, and spirituality.

 

Political development and role on the political stage

 

Yalangtush Bahadur was born around 1576 in the village of Dogiston in the Urgut district of Samarkand province. He belonged to the Barlos tribe and was considered a descendant of Amir Temur. From an early age, he stood out for his military and political abilities.

 

During the reign of Shah Jahan (Baburids dynasty), he was appointed governor of the Balkh province. In this role, he played an important part in strengthening Baburids influence in Movarounnahr. Thanks to his military capability, relative peace and stability were maintained in Balkh and the surrounding areas.

 

Architectural legacy

 

One of Yalangtush Bahadur’s greatest achievements was the construction of the Sherdor Madrasa (1619–1636) and the Tilla-Kari Madrasa (1646–1660) in Samarkand. Located on Registan Square, these architectural monuments still retain their grandeur today.

 

The Sherdor Madrasa is a masterpiece of architecture, adorned with intricate patterns, muqarnas, and remarkable symmetry. The lion image on its façade is valued not only as an artistic element but also as a symbol of spiritual courage.

 

The Tilla-Kari Madrasa served not only as a center of learning but also as a congregational mosque. Its interior decorations especially its gold-covered dome, ornate walls, and masterfully executed calligraphy leave a lasting impression on every visitor to Samarkand.

 

Commitment to science and enlightenment

 

Yalangtush Bahadur was also known as an enlightened leader. During his time, the madrasas of Samarkand were revitalized as centers of knowledge. Subjects taught there included Qur’anic sciences, hadith, fiqh, logic, philosophy, medicine, and mathematics. Hundreds of students received their education in these institutions.

 

He encouraged the copying and dissemination of Qur’an manuscripts as well as religious and historical works. His reputation for just governance is reflected in the fact that he was popularly known as “Bahadur” among the people.

 

Military capability and geopolitical influence

 

For many years, he served as one of the most trusted and powerful commanders of the Bukhara Emirate. Being entrusted with the governorship of Samarkand was a testament to his loyalty and exceptional military-political strategic abilities.

 

Yalangtush Bahadur maintained balance in the complex political relations between India, Iran, the Kazakh Khanate, and other regions. He acted decisively when necessary, but also showed caution and political maturity in forging alliances when required.

 

His military campaigns are recorded in the historical sources of India, Afghanistan, and Iran. Notably, his expeditions around Balkh and his courage against the Mongol forces are frequently highlighted.

 

Yalangtush Bahadur died around 1656. The exact location of his grave remains uncertain and continues to be the subject of scholarly debate. Nevertheless, his name is eternally inscribed in the architectural monuments of Samarkand, in historical sources, in oral traditions, and in scholarly works.

 

The Center of Islamic Civilization and the legacy of Yalangtush Bahadur

 

Today, the Center of Islamic Civilization in Uzbekistan is working to revive the legacy of great figures such as Yalangtush Bahadur. Among its priceless manuscripts, ancient architectural designs, and historical works, special attention is given to materials related to Yalangtush Bahadur.

 

Yalangtush Bahadur is remembered not only as a commander but also as a patron of enlightenment and spirituality. The madrasas he built, his devotion, and his noble deeds have taken on new meaning in harmony with today’s era of spiritual revival.

 

Thus, as the younger generation studies the life and activities of Yalangtush Bahadur, they become closely acquainted with the historical memory, national pride, and spiritual heritage of our people. His courage, thirst for knowledge, and commitment to enlightenment shine brightly in the moral foundation of modern Uzbekistan’s development.

 

The upcoming exhibition dedicated to Yalangtush Bahadur at the Center of Islamic Civilization in Uzbekistan will not merely be a historical display. It will be an important cultural event that awakens national memory, restores the spirit, and strengthens moral values.

 

Through it, we will gain a deep understanding of the complex political landscape of the 17th century, the unique harmony in architecture, and how figures like Yalangtush Bahadur left an enduring mark on history with their patriotic spirit.

 

Husan Tursunov

P/S: The article may be used by citing the official website of the Center.